“There was so much heightened awareness about how dangerous it was to go against the regime.”Ī side effect of the isolationist mindset and the government’s obsession with surveillance was an ever-increasing amount of highly classified paperwork, which necessitated regular destruction of files after certain periods of time. Mëhilli describes 19 as a period with a huge crackdown on dissent and the potential for it, via outside influences entering the country. Hoxha became increasingly isolationist, and Albanian suffered economically and otherwise. China took over as the country’s prime benefactor and external contact, but by the mid ‘70s, that relationship, too, began to wane. The 1970s, when the program began, represented a significant turning point for the regime: Albania’s early Communist years were defined by its ties to the Soviet Union, but dictator Enver Hoxha felt the USSR became too liberal following Stalin’s death. The original target of the informational slurry was likely not evidence of the government’s crimes, says Mëhilli, but any written or printed material considered to have “dangerous ideas” that went against the regime-banned books, revolutionary pamphlets, and even something as simple as a scientific journal that contained a photo of Western civilization. “Documents that would be annihilated were put in piles in the pastry maker.” There was a system in place,” says Elidor Mëhilli, an Associate Professor of History and Public Policy at Hunter College, who spent the first half of his life in Albania and now studies both the contents of the archives and the issues surrounding them. “This wasn’t something that happened overnight.

“The dough was loaded on trucks and spilled into rivers or buried underground,” explains the exhibit. The displayed documents detail the minimum of 10 liters of water per second needed for the process, and that in 60 minutes, the machine could work through up to 800 kilograms of paper. “Documents that would be annihilated were put in piles in the pastry maker, and with the addition of water, they were turned into dough,” a sign explains. posztos / ShuterstockĪn exhibit at Bunk’Art 2, a museum in Tirana, Albania, includes the key documents for understanding how the files were destroyed: A 1975 estimate for parts and labor for the mixers, the 1976 confirmation of purchase, and directions for how the pulping would work from the same year. Oliver North used to destroy documents relating to the Iran-Contra scandal more than a decade later worked through about 75 pounds an hour.) Bunkart 2, a nuclear bunker in the city center transformed into a history museum, hosted an exhibit on the use of a pastry mixer to destroy documents. Per the calculations by engineers working for the secretive government, with the addition of only water, which they piped into a specially designed room in the Ministry’s office, their mixers could obliviate almost a ton of documents each hour. Using the same type of mixer one might use for kneading bread, the government created a recipe for a far less satisfying dough. But in 1975, when Albania’s Ministry of Internal Affairs needed to destroy large amounts of paper, its leaders came up with a solution that transformed a kitchen mixer into an instrument of repression. In Albania, the way you ask if someone is hungry translates to “Do you want to eat bread?” and hospitality is defined as “Bread, salt, and heart.” Bread is to Albanian cuisine what rice is to Chinese and tortillas are to Mexican: the staple and centerpiece. But they reveal the secret of just how so much information disappeared so quickly: It was turned into dough. Only in the last decade did the Albanian government open up the remaining archives from the Communist era-thought to be only about 10 percent of what once existed. Unlike other nations behind the Iron Curtain, Albania did not set up a system for releasing its secret police files. But until recently, the secret recipe of how so many documents were so quickly destroyed remained a mystery. As the country held its first democratic elections in 50 years, some 29,000 files disappeared-generally assumed to detail the crimes committed by the regime and identify those who perpetrated them. In 1990, faced with the imminent fall of a five-decade reign in Albania, the Communist government needed to destroy immense amounts of paperwork.

The secret circle